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Each personality type is defined by five personality aspects that come in pairs: introversion vs. extroversion, observation vs. intuition, thinking vs. feeling, and judging vs. perceiving.

The fifth personality aspect—assertiveness vs. turbulence—underpins them all, creating two subtly different subtypes of each of the 16 personality types.

Essentially, these pairs represent a spectrum with two opposites at each end (e.g., introversion—extroversion). You can determine which end of the spectrum you fall into by analyzing your personality test results.

Now, let’s explore these five personality aspects in greater detail:

Introversion vs. Extroversion

The introversion (I) vs. extroversion (E) personality aspect determines how we receive our energy and where we focus it.

Introverted types are focused inward and are thus in touch with their inner world, thoughts, and beliefs. Reserved and introspective, they prefer to spend time on their own or with a small group of close friends. Since too much social interaction can be exhausting for them, they need plenty of alone time to recharge after being around others.

Extroverted types are focused outward, which means they’re in tune with the external world and other people. Outgoing and energetic, they find socialization invigorating and often have a large group of friends and acquaintances. They enjoy meeting new people and feel most comfortable in active, lively environments.

Observation vs. Intuition

The observation (S) vs. intuition (N) personality aspect defines how we absorb and process information.

Observant types take in information through their senses—smell, touch, sight, hearing, and taste—and are thus attentive to their surroundings. They live in the present moment and often rely on past experiences to navigate new situations. Sensible and pragmatic, they prefer to deal with tangible data instead of abstract ideas and theories.

Intuitive types are attuned to their own instincts and intuitive impressions. Rather than taking things literally, they focus on abstract, theoretical ideas and possibilities. They’re naturally adept at reading between the lines and recognizing subtle patterns and connections between different ideas. Creative and open-minded, they are focused on the future and embrace change.

Thinking vs. Feeling

The thinking (T) vs. feeling (F) personality aspect dictates our decision-making process and determines how we assess information.

Thinking types usually make decisions based on logic and reason. Rational and analytical, they focus on factual data and evidence to make effective decisions and ensure logical consistency in their reasoning. Although they tend to put their feelings aside when making decisions, these types value fairness and strive to remain objective when weighing their options.

Feeling types tend to have a more personal approach to decision-making. Concerned with their values and other people’s feelings, they carefully evaluate how one or another option will align with their personal beliefs and affect others. Idealistic and compassionate, they strive to make decisions that benefit everyone and help maintain group harmony.

Judging vs. Perceiving

The judging (J) vs. perceiving (P) personality aspect determines how we approach and organize our external world.

Judging types value structure, order, and organization, so it’s only natural that they prefer planning to spontaneity. They like certainty and predictability and can be averse to changes, especially last-minute ones. They are also rather decisive, like to stay in control of situations, and tend to carefully think things through to prepare for the unexpected.

Perceiving types value flexibility and adaptability. Rather than trying to control the situation, they prefer to adapt to it. They like to keep their options open and figure things out as they go, so they often put off making decisions for as long as possible. Spontaneous and open-minded, they appreciate having the freedom to change their mind and pursue new opportunities.

Assertive vs. Turbulent

The assertive (A) vs. turbulent (T) personality aspect describes how emotionally stable and confident in our abilities we typically are.

Assertive types tend to have a positive self-image, granting them natural self-confidence and optimism. They are resistant to negative emotions and are sure of their ability to overcome challenges, so they usually remain level-headed in stressful situations. At the same time, they are rather laid-back and take things relatively easy, even when nothing goes according to plan.

Turbulent types tend to be more susceptible to negative emotions and prone to feelings of self-doubt. They can be rather self-critical and sensitive to stress and failure, though they often feel more motivated to succeed under stressful conditions. Sensitive and perfectionistic, these types are usually in tune with people’s feelings and constantly strive to improve themselves.